# Spark Docs

## Docs

- [FAQ](/faq): Spark consists of three main product categories:
- [Getting Started](/user-guides/getting-started): The Spark App can be accessed at:
- [Troubleshooting](/user-guides/troubleshooting): Make sure to select the correct network (Ethereum Mainnet or Gnosis Chain). Normally on the wallet provider you can switch the network in the settings option.
- [Adjusting Your Position](/user-guides/using-sparklend/adjusting-your-position): Having an active borrow position on Spark requires ongoing monitoring and management. These steps will guide you through how to effectively manage your position and to avoid liquidation.
- [Borrow Stablecoins](/user-guides/using-sparklend/borrow-stablecoins): On the **Borrow Stablecoins** page, you can borrow stablecoins, by depositing crypto assets as collateral. If you wish to borrow other assets than stablecoins, navigate to the **My portfolio** page and follow the [deposit assets](/user-guides/using-sparklend/depositing-assets) and [borrowing assets](/user-guides/using-sparklend/borrowing-assets) steps instead.
- [Borrowing Assets](/user-guides/using-sparklend/borrowing-assets): In order to borrow assets, you must first deposit assets as collateral. [Click here](/user-guides/using-sparklend/depositing-assets) for a step by step deposit guide.
- [Depositing Assets](/user-guides/using-sparklend/depositing-assets): In order to borrow assets, you must first deposit assets as collateral such as ETH or cbBTC. Deposited assets can be borrowed by other users and therefore earns interest. You can also simply deposit assets without borrowing, to earn interest.
- [E-Mode](/user-guides/using-sparklend/e-mode): The E-mode feature maximizes capital efficiency when collateral and borrowed assets have correlated prices. For example, sDAI, USDC, USDT are all stablecoins pegged to USD. These stablecoins are all within the same E-mode category. Accordingly, a user supplying sDAI in E-mode will have higher collateralization power when borrowing assets like USDC or USDT.
- [Using SparkLend](/user-guides/using-sparklend): SparkLend is a decentralized non-custodial liquidity market protocol where users can participate as lenders or borrowers. Lenders provide liquidity to the market to earn a passive income, as their assets are lent out, while borrowers are able to borrow in an overcollateralized and perpetual fashion.
- [Isolation Mode](/user-guides/using-sparklend/isolation-mode): Isolation mode allows Sky Governance to list new assets as isolated assets, which have a specific debt ceiling and can only be used as the sole collateral for a position. Wrapped Ether.fi ETH (weETH) is an example of an isolated asset in SparkLend.
- [Oracles](/user-guides/using-sparklend/oracles): SparkLend uses oracle price feeds to power its lending markets. Depending on the asset, different types of oracles are used, to ensure the proper pricing and risk management. The oracle price feeds are used to calculate the value of user collateral, and consequently how much a user can borrow, and when the system must liquidate risky positions.
- [Overview of Markets](/user-guides/using-sparklend/overview-of-markets): The **Markets** page displays an overview of the state of the protocol and the supported assets. The displayed data is specific to the selected network, so if you wish to browse another network, use the network toggle in the top right hand corner.
- [Repaying Your Loan](/user-guides/using-sparklend/repaying-your-loan): To repay your loan, navigate to the **My portfolio** page and find the **Borrow** section. Assets that you have borrowed will show up in the **Your borrow** column.
- [Swapping Tokens](/user-guides/swap): In this guide, you will learn how to swap between USDS, USDC and DAI. Spark enables easy conversion between these tokens at no slippage or fee beyond gas.
- [Spark Liquidity Layer](/user-guides/spark-liquidity-layer): The Spark Liquidity Layer (SLL) automates liquidity provision of USDS, sUSDS, and USDC directly from Sky across various blockchain networks and DeFi protocols. This enables users to easily earn the Sky Savings Rate on their preferred network using sUSDS. Additionally, it allows Spark to automate liquidity provision into DeFi markets to optimize yield.
- [Notification Center](/user-guides/notification-center): The Notification Center helps you stay informed about changes to your positions and account activity. You can choose your preferred notification channels and the types of alerts you want to receive. More features will be added soon.
- [Claiming Rewards](/user-guides/farming-rewards/claiming-rewards): Navigate to the SPK Farm page by clicking on **SPK** in the top navigation bar and selecting **Farm**.
- [Depositing Into the SPK Farm](/user-guides/farming-rewards/depositing-into-farms): Navigate to the SPK Farm page by clicking on **SPK** in the top navigation bar and selecting **Farm**.
- [SPK Farming](/user-guides/farming-rewards): Deposit USDS to earn SPK tokens through the SPK Farm. Visit [app.spark.fi/spk/farm](https://app.spark.fi/spk/farm) to start earning SPK.
- [Withdrawing From the SPK Farm](/user-guides/farming-rewards/withdrawing-from-farms): Navigate to the SPK Farm page by clicking on **SPK** in the top navigation bar and selecting **SPK Farming**.
- [Risk Assessment](/user-guides/earning-savings/credora): Spark Savings vaults are subject to independent risk assessments by **Credora**, a DeFi risk analytics provider.
- [Scope and Limitations](/user-guides/earning-savings/credora): Collateral composition
- [Data Sources and Methodology](/user-guides/earning-savings/credora): Collateral composition
- [Spark Savings](/user-guides/earning-savings): Spark Savings enables users to easily deposit assets into Spark Savings Vaults to earn an attractive and risk-adjusted savings rate. Different Savings Vaults offer different rates based on their underlying yield strategies. You can find an overview of all available vaults below.
- [Savings Liquidity Intents](/user-guides/earning-savings/liquidity-intents): Savings Liquidity Intents let users request larger withdrawals from Spark Savings when the amount exceeds the idle liquidity currently available in the vault. Initially, this flow is available only on **Ethereum Mainnet** for **Spark Savings USDC** and **Spark Savings USDT**.
- [Savings DAI](/user-guides/earning-savings/sdai): **Note:** Savings DAI is the old version of Savings USDS. [Learn how to upgrade to sUSDS and earn a higher yield here.](/user-guides/swap/)
- [Spark ETH](/user-guides/earning-savings/speth): Spark ETH (spETH) is a Spark Savings V2 Vault that utilizes the Spark Liquidity Layer to generate yield through different yield-generating strategies. The spETH token enables users to receive returns while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and use it in any way they want. You can find an overview of supported networks and token addresses [below](#supported-networks-and-token-addresses).
- [Spark PYUSD](/user-guides/earning-savings/sppyusd): Spark PYUSD (spPYUSD) is a Spark Savings V2 Vault that utilizes the Spark Liquidity Layer to generate yield through different yield-generating strategies. The spPYUSD token enables users to receive returns while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and use it in any way they want. You can find an overview of supported networks and token addresses [below](#supported-networks-and-token-addresses).
- [Spark USDC](/user-guides/earning-savings/spusdc): Spark USDC (spUSDC) is a Spark Savings V2 Vault that utilizes the Spark Liquidity Layer to generate yield through different yield-generating strategies. The spUSDC token enables users to receive returns while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and use it in any way they want. You can find an overview of supported networks and token addresses [below](#supported-networks-and-token-addresses).
- [Spark USDT](/user-guides/earning-savings/spusdt): Spark USDT (spUSDT) is a Spark Savings V2 Vault that utilizes the Spark Liquidity Layer to generate yield through different yield-generating strategies. The spUSDT token enables users to receive returns while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and use it in any way they want. You can find an overview of supported networks and token addresses [below](#supported-networks-and-token-addresses).
- [Savings USDC](/user-guides/earning-savings/susdc): The Savings USDC vault deposits USDC into the Sky Savings Rate (SSR) offered by Sky. The sUSDC token enables users to receive returns on their SSR deposits while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and use it in any way they want. You can find an overview of supported networks and token addresses [below](#supported-networks-and-token-addresses).
- [Savings USDS](/user-guides/earning-savings/susds): The Savings USDS vault deposits USDS into the Sky Savings Rate (SSR) offered by Sky. The sUSDS token enables users to receive returns on their SSR deposits while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and use it in any way they want. You can find an overview of supported networks and token addresses [below](#supported-networks-and-token-addresses).
- [Deposit & Withdraw From Spark Savings](/user-guides/earning-savings/tutorial): In this tutorial, you will learn how to deposit and withdraw assets from Spark Savings.
- [SPK Staking](/staking): SPK staking enables users to stake their SPK tokens to secure Spark and earn staking rewards in return. Spark leverages [Symbiotic’s](http://symbiotic.fi) staking infrastructure for SPK staking. This guide explains how staking works, how to participate, and important details about rewards and withdrawals.
- [Staked USDS](/staking/stusds): stUSDS (Staked USDS) is a vault offered by Sky that lends deposited USDS exclusively to borrowers who use SKY tokens as collateral in the Sky Lockstake Engine. In exchange for providing this specialized lending capital, users earn the stUSDS Rate.
- [Spark Savings AVAX Rewards Campaign (Avalanche)](/rewards/avax): **The AVAX campaign has ended on March 10, 2026.** AVAX rewards may be activated elsewhere in the future. Follow [@sparkdotfi](https://x.com/sparkdotfi) for updates on future campaigns.
- [Spark Rewards](/rewards): The Spark Rewards program offers weekly token rewards to users who participate in campaigns rewarding specific actions that contribute to the growth of the Spark ecosystem. The rewards are sourced from and offered in collaboration with other DeFi projects. The goal is to bring different crypto projects together to make decentralized finance more accessible and useful for everyone.
- [OP Rewards Campaign](/rewards/op): **The OP campaign has ended.** OP rewards may be activated elsewhere in the future. Follow [@sparkdotfi](https://x.com/sparkdotfi) for updates on future campaigns.
- [Redstone Rewards Campaign](/rewards/redstone): **The RED campaign has ended on Sept 4, 2025.** RED rewards may be activated elsewhere in the future. Follow [@sparkdotfi](https://x.com/sparkdotfi) for updates on future campaigns.
- [Spark Points](/points): The Spark Points program enables users to earn Spark Points by participating in campaigns that reward certain user actions that contribute to the growth of the Spark ecosystem.
- [Earn Spark Points on Pendle](/points/pendle): The Pendle Campaign enables users to earn Spark Points by holding YT-USDS tokens or by providing liquidity into the PT-USDS/USDS pool on Pendle.
- [Earn Spark Points by Staking SPK](/points/spk-staking): The SPK Staking Campaign enables users to earn Spark Points by staking SPK tokens on the Spark app.
- [SPK Company Ltd. - SPK Token White paper](/mica/3): Version 1.0 - May 2025
- [SPK Company Ltd. - SPK Token White paper](/mica/4): Version 2.0 - June 2025
- [SPK Company Ltd. - SPK Token White paper](/mica/5): Version 3.0 - July 2025
- [SPK Company Ltd. - SPK Token White paper](/mica/7): Version 4.0 - August 2025
- [How to Delegate or Vote](/governance/delegate): This guide will explain how you can participate in Spark Governance by delegating your voting power or voting directly.
- [Spark Governance](/governance): Spark's governance system defines how the Spark operates and evolves. The governance process centers around updating the Spark Agent artifact in the Sky Atlas, which controls key protocol parameters including budgets, risk settings, asset onboarding, protocol integrations in the Spark Liquidity Layer, and new chain deployments.
- [Spark Developer Documentation](/dev): This section of the documentation is intended for developers looking to learn more about, build on top of, or develop tooling for Spark. For more general information, please go to [User Guides](/user-guides/getting-started).
- [SPK Token](/dev/spk): **The SPK token has been airdropped!**
- [DebtToken](/dev/sparklend/tokens/debttoken): Debt tokens are interest-accruing tokens that are minted and burned on `borrow` and `repay`, representing the debt owed by the token holder. There are 2 types of debt tokens:
- [DelegationAwareSpToken](/dev/sparklend/tokens/delegationawaresptoken): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/tokenization/DelegationAwareAToken.sol)
- [spToken](/dev/sparklend/tokens/sptoken): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/tokenization/AToken.sol)
- [RewardsController](/dev/sparklend/periphery-contracts/rewardscontroller): All rewards type enabled in SparkLend are managed by RewardsDistributor. This is the contract used to check rewards data, user’s rewards balance and for claiming the rewards.
- [UiIncentiveDataProviderV3](/dev/sparklend/periphery-contracts/uiincentivedataproviderv3): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/aave-v3-periphery/blob/master/contracts/misc/UiIncentiveDataProviderV3.sol)
- [WalletBalanceProvider](/dev/sparklend/periphery-contracts/walletbalanceprovider): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/aave-v3-periphery/blob/master/contracts/misc/WalletBalanceProvider.sol)
- [Credit Delegation](/dev/sparklend/features/credit-delegation): Credit delegation allows a depositor to deposit funds in the protocol to earn interest, and delegate borrowing power (i.e. their credit) to other users. The enforcement of the loan and its terms are agreed upon between the depositor and borrowers, which can be either off-chain via legal agreements or on-chain via smart contracts.
- [Efficiency Mode (eMode)](/dev/sparklend/features/efficiency-mode-emode): The High Efficiency mode feature (or "eMode") is designed to maximise capital efficiency when collateral and borrowed assets are correlated in price.
- [Flash Loans](/dev/sparklend/features/flash-loans): Flash Loans are special transactions that allow the borrowing of an asset, as long as the borrowed amount (and a fee) is returned before the end of the transaction (also called One Block Borrows). These transactions do not require a user to supply collateral prior to engaging in the transaction. There is no real world analogy to Flash Loans, so it requires some basic understanding of how state is managed within blocks in blockchains.
- [Liquidations](/dev/sparklend/features/liquidations): The health of the SparkLend is dependent on the 'health' of the collateralised positions within the protocol, also known as the 'health factor'. When the 'health factor' of an account's total loans is below 1, anyone can make a `liquidationCall()` to the [`Pool`](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/pool#liquidationcall) contract, pay back part of the debt owed and receive discounted collateral in return (also known as the liquidation bonus).
- [Repay With spTokens](/dev/sparklend/features/repay-with-sptokens): Allows user to repay with *spTokens* in case the underlying borrowed asset is locked in the SparkLend liquidity pool.
- [Siloed Borrowing](/dev/sparklend/features/siloed-borrowing): This feature allow assets with potentially manipulatable oracles (for example illiquid Uni V3 pairs) to be listed on SparkLend as single borrow asset i.e. if user borrows siloed asset, they cannot borrow any other asset. This helps mitigating the risk associated with such assets from impacting the overall solvency of the protocol.
- [Supply Borrow Caps](/dev/sparklend/features/supply-borrow-caps): Maker Governance can appoint `RISK_ADMIN` and `POOL_ADMIN` who have the ability to configure Borrow and Supply Caps of the individual reserves.
- [Troubleshooting](/dev/sparklend/features/troubleshooting-errors): In order to reduce gas usage and code size, /spark-protocol contracts return numbered errors. If you are making calls to the protocol and receive numbered errors, you can use the reference below to know what is the error. Alternatively, you can also find what the numbers represent by checking the [`Errors.sol`](https://github.com/aave/aave-v3-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/libraries/helpers/Errors.sol)
- [AaveProtocolDataProvider](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/aavedataprovider): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/misc/AaveProtocolDataProvider.sol)
- [ACLManager](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/aclmanager): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/configuration/ACLManager.sol)
- [PoolAddressesProvider](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/pooladdressesprovider): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/configuration/PoolAddressesProvider.sol)
- [PoolAddressesProviderRegistry](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/pooladdressesproviderregistry): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/configuration/PoolAddressesProviderRegistry.sol)
- [PoolConfigurator](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/poolconfigurator): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/pool/PoolConfigurator.sol)
- [PriceOracleSentinel](/dev/sparklend/core-contracts/priceoraclesentinel): [Source Code](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/sparklend-v1-core/blob/master/contracts/protocol/configuration/PriceOracleSentinel.sol)
- [Spark ALM Controller](/dev/spark-liquidity-layer/spark-alm-controller): **Source code:** [Github Repository](https://github.com/sparkdotfi/spark-alm-controller)
- [Bug Bounty Program](/dev/security/bug-bounty-program): Spark has an active bug bounty program managed by Immunefi with bounty rewards of up to $5,000,000. Please submit any bugs or potential issues through the Immunefi plartform. Learn more about the bug bounty program below:
- [Security Audits](/dev/security/security-and-audits): SparkLend is based on the Aave v3 codebase, including the 3.0.1 and 3.0.2 upgrades, which have been extensively audited. [You can find the audits of Aave v3 here.](https://aave.com/security)
- [Cross-chain Savings Rate Oracle](/dev/savings/cross-chain-savings-rate-oracle): The Cross-chain SSR Oracle reports the Sky Savings Rate (SSR) values across various bridges. This is primarily used to provide integrators the sUSDS/USDS conversion rate (the value of 1 sUSDS in USDS) as sUSDS is an accumulating token that increases in value against USDS over time. This oracle is used by the [Spark PSM](/dev/savings/spark-psm), to enable swapping between USDS and sUSDS at the current conversion rate. Another example use case is decentralized exchanges leveraging the oracle to make liquidity management more capital efficient, by automatically moving sUSDS/USDS order book liquidity according to the conversion rate.
- [Cross-chain Tokens](/dev/savings/cross-chain-tokens): If you are looking to integrate Ethereum mainnet sUSDS or sUSDC, you should review [this documentation instead for sUSDS](/dev/savings/susds-token) or [this documentation for sUSDC](/dev/savings/susdc-token).
- [Savings Vault Intents](/dev/savings/savings-vault-intents): Savings Vault Intents is a request-based withdrawal contract for [Spark Savings Vaults V2](/dev/savings/spark-vaults-v2). It is designed for large redemptions where the vault may not hold enough idle liquidity to satisfy an immediate `redeem()` call.
- [sDAI Token](/dev/savings/sdai-token): Savings Dai (sDAI) is an ERC-4626 representation/wrapper of DAI in the Dai Savings Rate module (DSR). sDAI allows users to deposit DAI to receive the yield generated by the Sky Protocol while still being able to transfer, stake, lend and any other use cases.
- [Spark PSM](/dev/savings/spark-psm): The Spark PSM extends the Sky PSM liquidity on Ethereum mainnet to other chains such as Base and Arbitrum. It allows swaps between USDS, sUSDS, and USDC with no slippage or fees beyond gas, making it the top liquidity source for these pairs in DeFi. This enables holders of USDC on supported networks to easily acquire sUSDS to earn yield, at no cost beyond gas.
- [Spark Savings Vaults V2](/dev/savings/spark-vaults-v2): Spark Vaults V2 is an ERC-4626 compliant yield-bearing vault that implements a continuous rate accumulation mechanism. Users can deposit assets and earn yields through the Vault Savings Rate (VSR), with all interest automatically compounded into their share value.
- [sUSDC Token](/dev/savings/susdc-token): Savings USDC (sUSDC) is an ERC-4626 representation of USDC in the Spark USDC Vault. sUSDC allows users to deposit USDC to receive the yield generated by the Sky Savings Rate while still being able to transfer, stake, lend the tokens. Converting between USDC and sUSDC can be done using the ERC4626 interface.
- [sUSDS Token](/dev/savings/susds-token): **This page only reflects the sUSDS implementation on Ethereum mainnet. If you are looking to integrate sUSDS on other networks, see this page:** [**Cross-chain USDS & sUSDS**](/dev/savings/cross-chain-tokens)**.**
- [Deployments](/dev/deployments): The Spark Address Registry contains addresses of all smart contracts used in the Spark ecosystem. Find all addresses for each network in this repository:
- [Borrowing Assets](/defi-infrastructure/sparklend/borrowing): In order to borrow assets, you must first deposit assets as collateral. [Click here](/user-guides/using-sparklend/depositing-assets) for a step by step deposit guide.
- [Borrowing Assets](/defi-infrastructure/sparklend/liquidations): In order to borrow assets, you must first deposit assets as collateral. [Click here](/user-guides/using-sparklend/depositing-assets) for a step by step deposit guide.
- [SparkLend Modes](/defi-infrastructure/sparklend/spark-lend-features): Isolation mode allows Sky Governance to list new assets as isolated assets, which have a specific debt ceiling and can only be used as the sole collateral for a position. Wrapped Ether.fi ETH (weETH) is an example of an isolated asset in SparkLend.
- [Depositing Assets](/defi-infrastructure/sparklend/supplying-and-earning): In order to borrow assets, you must first deposit assets as collateral such as ETH or cbBTC. Deposited assets can be borrowed by other users and therefore earns interest. You can also simply deposit assets without borrowing, to earn interest.
- [Spark Brand Assets | Press Kit](/brand): Welcome to the Spark Brand Kit. Here you will find logos, banners, colors and visuals from Spark.
- [SPK Cookie.fun Airdrop](/airdrop/cookie): The Spark SNAPS airdrop rewarded users who demonstrated significant participation in the Spark SNAPS campaign on the [Cookie.fun platform](https://cookie.fun/tokens/spark). The campaign initiative was aimed at driving community engagement and awareness. The campaign ran from May 22, 2025 5pm UTC to June 24, 2025 14:00 UTC.
- [SPK Ignition Airdrop](/airdrop/ignition): Spark ran an airdrop campaign to reward users who participated in various DeFi activities across multiple chains. The campaign consisted of two phases: the main Ignition airdrop and an optional Overdrive phase where users could boost their airdrop amount.
- [SPK Airdrop](/airdrop): Spark airdropped SPK tokens to three main categories of users:
- [SPK Layer3 Airdrop](/airdrop/layer3): The Layer3 airdrop rewarded users who participated in Spark's learning campaign on the Layer3 platform. This initiative aimed to educate users about Spark's ecosystem.
- [SPK Overdrive Airdrop](/airdrop/overdrive): Overdrive was the second phase of the Ignition airdrop series, where Ignition claimants had an option to qualify for a second airdrop. The Ignition airdrop phase lasted from the airdrop date to six weeks after the airdrop date. After this period, Ignition recipients were no longer able to claim their airdrop. SPK which was unclaimed after that period was allocated for distribution to participants in Overdrive as follows. For simplicity, the following dates have the following IDs:
- [SPK Pre-Farming Airdrop](/airdrop/pre-farm): Spark's pre-farming airdrop campaign rewarded users based on usage of SparkLend and AAVE on Ethereum mainnet. Select users of those platforms during the pre-farming period received an airdrop, depending on how much and how long they used either platform during specific periods, also known as "seasons." See further details on [qualification criteria](#how-do-i-qualify-for-the-spk-airdrop) for the airdrop, and the [different seasons](#season-1-aug-20-2023-may-20-2024) below.
- [Spark Airdrop Terms and Conditions](/airdrop/terms): These Spark Airdrop Terms and Conditions (“Terms”) govern your participation in Spark’s airdrop of the SPK token (“Airdrop”). The Airdrop is offered and administered solely by SPK Company Ltd. (hereinafter, “we,” “us,” or “our”). By participating in the Airdrop, you agree to these Terms. If you do not agree, you may not participate. These Terms apply in addition to any other rules, policies, procedures and/or other terms and conditions that may apply from time to time with respect to the Tokens.